KBB Bibliography

Misc.

1994. Grizzly plan called seriously flawed. National Parks 68:13.*

1996. Forum: Perspectives on ecosystem management. Ecological Applications 6(3):692-745.*

No date. Karner blue butterfly fact sheet. Wisconsin.*

A

Aengst, P., J. Anderson, J. Chamberlin, C. Grunewald, S. Loucks, E. Wheatley, and S. Yaffee. 1997. Introduction to habitat conservation planning. Endangered Species Update 14(7 & 8):5-9.*

Agee, J. K., and D. R. Johnson, editors. 1988. Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Akcakaya, H. R. 2000. Conservation and management for multiple species: integrating field research and modeling into management decisions. Environmental Management 26(suppl.1):S75-S83.*

American Institute of Biological Sciences. 1999. Using science in habitat conservation plans. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.*

Anderson, J., and S. L. Yaffee. 1998. Balancing public trust and private interest: public participation in habitat conservation planning, a summary report. A research report commissioned by the National Wildlife Federation. University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources & Environment, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.*

Anderson, M. A. 1989. Opportunities for enhancement in commercial forestry practice. Pages 129-146 in G. P. Buckleyu, editor. Biological Habitat Reconstruction, Belhaven, New York, USA.*

Anderson, P. 1995. Ecological restoration and creation: a review. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56(Suppl.):187-211.*

Anderson, R. C. 1998. Overview of midwestern of oak savanna. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 86:1-18.*

Andow, D. A., R. J. Baker, and C. P. Lane, editors. 1994. Karner blue butterfly: a symbol of a vanishing landscape. Miscellaneous Publication 84-1994. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.*

Anhold, J. A., and W. H. Whaley. 1996. Survey summary for threatened, endangered sensitive and locally rare species of Lepidoptera: Utah gypsy moth eradication program: 1989-1993. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region.*

Anonymous. 1992. Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 17(3-8):7.*

Anonymous. 1995. Regional news: Region 3. Endangered Species Update 12(3):S16.

Anonymous. 1995. Regional news: Region 5. Endangered Species Update 12(3):S17.

Anthony, N., G. Gelembiuk, D. Raterman, C. Nice, and R. Ffrench-Constant. 2001. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the endangered Karner blue butterfly Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera). Hereditas Lund 134:271-273.*

Anthony, N., C. C. Nice, G. Gelembiuk, and R. French-Constant. 2000. Population genetics and phylogeography of the butterfly genus Lycaeides. Report to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, Minnesota, USA.

Apfelbaum, S. I., and A. Haney. 1991. Management of degraded oak savanna remnants in the upper Midwest: preliminary results from three years of study. Pages 81-89 in J. Ebinger, editor. Proceedings of the Oak Woods Management Workshop, Peoria, Illinois, USA.

Armstrong, A. J., and H. J. Van Hensbergen. 1997. Evaluation of afforestable montane grasslands for wildlife conservation in the north-eastern Cape, South Africa. Biological Conservation 81(1-2):179-190.*

Atzet, T. 1995. The Applegate Adaptive Management Area ecosystem health assessment. Forest health through silviculture : proceedings of the 1995 National Silviculture Workshop, Mescalero, New Mexico, May 8-11, 1995. Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

B

Bailer, J., and L. H. Watchman. 2000. Natural resource decisions. Issues in Science and Technology:22-24.*

Baker, B. 1997. Clinton plan--no-surprises policy. BioScience 47(9):560.*

Baker, D. J. 1996. What do ecosystem management and the current budget mean for federally supported environmental research? Ecological Applications 6(3):712-715.*

Baker, R. J. 1994. The Karner blue butterfly: 1993 and beyond. Pages 163-169 in D. A. Andow, R. J. Baker, and C. P. Lane, editors. Karner blue butterfly: a symbol of a vanishing landscape.Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA. Miscellaneous Publication 84-1994.*

Bare, B. B., B. R. Lippke, and W. Xu. 2000. Cost impacts of management alternatives to achieve habitat conservation goals on state forestlands in western Washington. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15(4):217-226.*

Barnes, B. V., D. R. Zak, S. D. Denton, and S. H. Spurr. 1998. Forest ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.

Baskerville, G. 1985. Adaptive management: wood availability and habitat availability. The Forestry Chronicle 61(2):171-175.*

Baydack, R. K., H. Campa, and J. B. Haufler. 1999. Practical approaches to the conservation of biological diversity. Island Press, Washington, D. C., USA.

Beal, B. 23 August 1999. Butterfly exchange program spreads endangered species. Lansing State Journal:5B.*

Bean, M. J. 1999. Jan./Feb. Endangered species, endangered act? Environment:12-18, 34-38.*

Bean, M. J., S. G. Fitzgerald, and M. A. O'connell. 1991. Reconciling conflicts under the Endangered Species Act: the habitat conservation planning experience. World Wildlife Fund. Harper's Graphics/St. Mary's Press, Waldorf, Maryland, USA.

Beatley, T. 1991. Use of habitat conservation plans under the federal Endangered Species Act.

Beatley, T. 1992. Balancing urban development and endangered species: the Coachella Valley habitat conservation plan. Environmental Management 16(1):7-19.*

Beatley, T. 1994. Habitat conservation planning: Endangered species and urban growth. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA.

Beatley, T. 1995. Preserving biodiversity through the use of habitat conservation plans.

Beattie, M. 1996. An ecosystem approach to fish and wildlife conservation. Ecological Applications 6(3):696-699.*

Beier, P., and R. F. Noss. 1998. Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conservation Biology 12(6):1241-1252.*

Beirne, M. 1993. Mill turns gardener to save endangered species of butterfly. American Metal Market 101(62):2.*

Benzie, J. W. 1977a. Manager's handbook for red pine in the North Central States. General Technical Report NC-33. USDA-Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.*

Benzie, J. W. 1977b. Manager's handbook for jack pine in the North Central States. General Technical Report NC-32. USDA-Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul.*

Bergman, B. J. 1997. Nov./Dec. A plan to die for. Sierra:32.*

Bergman, K. O. 2001. Population dynamics and the importance of habitat management for conservation of the butterfly Lopinga achine. Journal of Applied Ecology 38(6):1303-1313.*

Berkes, F., J. Colding, and C. Folke. 2000. Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10(5):1251-1262.*

Bernays, E. A., and R. F. Chapman. 1994. Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.

Besl, J. 1994. Wisconsin household projections. Wisconsin State Data Center News 13(4):1.*

Bidwell, A. D. 1995. Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) dispersal and habitat disturbance at Fort McCoy Military Reservation, Wisconsin. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA.*

Bingham, B. B., and B. R. Noon. 1997. Mitigation of habitat "take:" application to habitat conservation planning. Conservation Biology 11(1):127-139.*

Bingham, B. B., and B. R. Noon. 1998. The use of core areas in comprehensive mitigation strategies. Conservation Biology 12(1):241-243.*

Bleser, C. A. 1993. Karner blue added to federal endangered list. Newsletter of the Wisconsin Entomological Society 20(1):1-2.*

Bleser, C. A. No date. How to establish lupine (Lupinus perennis) from seed.*

Bleser, C. A. No date. Job 4: Development of management plans and guidelines. Pages 76-80. Karner blue status survey report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

Bleser, C., and M. K. Leach. 1994. Protecting the Karner blue butterfly in Wisconsin: shifting focus from individuals to populations and processes. Proceedings of the North American Conference on Savannas and Barrens.*

Bomar, C. R. 2001. Comparison of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) communities on remnant and reconstructed prairies in western Wisconsin. Journal of Orthoptera Research 10(1):105-112.*

Bonnie, R. 1997. Safe harbor for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Journal of Forestry 95(4):17-22.*

Bonnie, R. 1999. Endangered species mitigation banking: promoting recovery through habitat conservation planning under the Endangered Species Act. Science of the Total Environment 240(1-3):11-19.*

Boorman, S. A., and P. R. Levitt. 1973. Group selection on the boundary of a stable population. Theoretical Population Biology 4:85-128.*

Bormann, B. T., P. G. Cunningham, and J. C. Gordon. 1996. Adaptive management, best management practices, or both. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters National Convention:139-144.*

Botkin, D. B., and M. T. Sobel. 1975. Stability in time-varying ecosystems. American Naturalist 109:625-646.*

Botti, B., and R. Mech, editors. 2000. Oaks: a management guide for Michigan's state forests. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Forest Management Division, Wildlife Division, Lansing, Michigan, USA.*

Bougie, C. A., L. D. Kosmond, and D. J. Watermolen. 1996. Wolf River Basin water quality management plan. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Bowler, P. A. 2000. Ecological restoration of coastal sage scrub and its potential role in habitat conservation plans. Environmental Management 26(suppl.1):S85-S96.

Bowler, P. A. 2000. Ecological restoration of coastal sage scrub and its potential role in habitat conservation plans. Environmental Management 26(suppl.1):S85-S96.*

Bowles, M. L., and J. L. McBride. 1998. Vegetation composition, structure, and chronological change in a decadent midwestern North American savanna remnant. Natural Areas Journal 18(1):14-27.*

Boyce, M. S. 1993. Population viability analysis: adaptive management for threatened and endangered species. Transactions of the 58th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference:520-527.*

Boyce, M. S., and A. Haney, editors. 1997. Ecosystem management: applications for sustainable forest and wildlife resources. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Braile, R. 2000. Agreement near to save rare butterfly habitat. The Boston Globe.*

Brataas, A. 4 June 1992. Lacking strength in numbers, endangered species must rely on us. Newspaper source unknown.*

Brataas, A. 1992. 4 June 1992. Rare butterfly gains federal protection. Muncie Star.*

Brataas, A. 1992. 4 June 1992. Some animals said in danger of disappearing. Decatur Daily Democrat.*

Breining, G. November/December 1993. The case of the missing ecosystem. The Nature Conservancy:10-15.*

Bronny, C. 1989. One-two punch: grazing history and the recovery potential of oak savannas. Restoration and Management Notes 7(2):73-76.*

Brooks, J. 2001. Habitat conservation plans as a means of land use planning for endangered species in northeastern Illinois. Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.

Brown, D. G., B. C. Pijanowski, and J. D. Duh. 2000. Modeling the relationships between land-use and land-cover on private lands in the upper Midwest, USA. Journal of Environmental Management 59:247-263.*

Brown, J. A., and M. S. Boyce. 1996. Monitoring of Karner blue butterflies (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) for the proposed Habitat Conservation Plan, Wisconsin. Report to National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Washington, D. C., USA.*

Brown, J. A., and M. S. Boyce. 1998. Line transect sampling of Karner blue butterflies (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Environmental and Ecological Statistics 5:81-91.*

Brown, R. S., and K. Marshall. 1996. Ecosystem management in state governments. Ecological Applications 6(3):721-723.*

Brunson, M. W., L. E. Kruger, C. B. Tyler, and S. A. Schroeder, editors. 1996. Defining social acceptability in ecosystem management: a workshop proceedings. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-369.*

Brye, K. R., J. M. Norman, and S. T. Gower. 2002. The fate of nutrients following three- and six-year burn intervals in a tallgrass prairie restoration in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 148(1):28-42.*

Brynildson, I. No date. Prairie. Pages 24-27. Wisconsin's endangered flora. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Buchanan, J. B. 1997. Adaptive management and other management efforts: habitat conservation planning in the Pacific Northwest. Endangered Species Update 14(7-8):32-34.*

Buchanan, J. B., R. J. Frederickson, and D. E. Seaman. 1998. Mitigation of habitat "take" and the core area concept. Conservation Biology 12(1):238-240.*

Burger, J. 2000. Landscapes, tourism, and conservation. Science of the Total Environment 249(1-3):39-49.*

Burgman, M. A. 1988. Spatial analysis of vegetation patterns in southern Western Australia: implications for reserve design. Australian Journal of Ecology 13(4):415-429.*

Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America: volume 2, hardwoods. Agricultural Handbook-654, U. S. Department of Agriculture-Forest Service, Washington, D. C., USA.

Butler, K. S., and J. Crumley. Winter 1991-1992. The Balcones Canyonlands habitat conservation plan. Preserving biodiversity and endangered species in an urban area. Environmental Planning Quarterly 9(1):13-20.*

Butler, L., and V. Kondo. 1993. Impact of Dimilin on non-target Lepidoptera: results of an operational gypsy moth suppression program at Coopers Rock State Forest, West Virginia. West Virginia University, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.*

C

Cain, M. L., B. G. Milligan, and A. E. Strand. 2000. Long-distance seed dispersal in plant populations. American Journal of Botany 87(9):1217-1227.*

Carey, A. B., J. M. Calhoun, B. Dick, K. O'halloran, L. S. Young, R. E. Bigley, S. Chan, C. A. Harrington, J. Hayes, and J. Marzluff. 1999. Reverse technology transfer: obtaining feedback from managers. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14(3):153-163.*

Carpenter, S. R., S. W. Chisholm, C. J. Krebs, D. W. Schindler, and R. F. Wrigt. 1995. Ecosystem experiments. Science 269:324-327.*

Carter, C. H. 1991. A dual track for incidental takings: reexamining sections 7 and 10 of the Endangered Species Act. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 19(1):135-171.*

Celebrezze, T. M. 1996. Spatial patterning of lupine (Lupinus perennis): implications for metapopulation viability analysis of the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Chapin, F. S., III, E. S. Zavaleta, V. T. Eviner, R. L. Naylor, P. M. Vitousek, H. L. Reynolds, D. U. Hooper, S. Lavorel, O. E. Sala, S. E. Hobbie and others. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405:234-242.*

Chapman, K. A. 1984. An ecological investigation of native grassland in southern lower Michigan, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA.*

Chargot, P. No date. The Karner Blue. YAK!*

Christensen, N. L., A. M. Bartuska, J. H. Brown, S. R. Carpenter, C. D'antonio, R. Francis, J. F. Franklin, J. A. Macmahon, R. F. Noss, D. J. Parsons and others. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecological Applications 6(3):665-691.*

City of San Diego. 1996. Multiple species conservation program: MSCP plan., San Diego, California, USA. http://www.sannet.gov/mscp/docmap.shtml

Clark, T. W. 1994. Greater Yellowstone's future: prospects for ecosystem science, management, and policy. Homestead Publishers, Moose, Wyoming, USA.

Clark, W. C., D. D. Jones, and C. S. Holling. 1979. Lessons for ecological policy design: a case study of ecosystem management. Ecological Modelling 7(1):1-53.*

CLE International. 2001. The Endangered Species Act & habitat conservation planning. Endangered Species Act and Habitat Conservation Planning Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Cleary, B. D., R. D. Greaves, and R. K. Hermann. 1978. Regenerating Oregon's forests: a guide for the regeneration forester. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.

Clough, M. 1999. Regional news: Region 5. Endangered Species Update 23(5):SS30.*

Collins, B. D., and G. R. Pess. 1997. Critique of Washington's watershed analysis program. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33(5):997-1010.*

Conner, R. N. 1988. Wildlife populations: minimally viable or ecologically functional? Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:80-84.*

Cooperrider, A. Y. 1996. Science as a model for ecosystem management--panacea or problem? Ecological Applications 6(3):736-737.*

Copeland, T. E., W. Sluis, and H. F. Howe. 2002. Fire season and dominance in an Illinois tallgrass prairie restoration. Restoration Ecology 10(2):315-323.*

Cortner, H. J., and M. A. Moote. 1999. The politics of ecosystem management. Island Press, Washington, D. C., USA.

Cote, M. A., D. Kneeshaw, L. Bouthillier, and C. Messier. 2001. Increasing partnerships between scientists and forest managers: lessons from an ongoing interdisciplinary project in Quebec. The Forestry Chronicle 77(1):85-89.*

Cowley, M. J. R., C. D. Thomas, D. B. Roy, R. J. Wilson, J. L. Leon-Cortes, D. Gutierrez, C. R. Bulman, R. M. Quinn, D. Moss, and K. J. Gaston. 2001. Density distribution relationships in British butterflies. I. The effect of mobility and spatial scale. Journal of Animal Ecology 70:410-425.*

Cowley, M. J. R., C. D. Thomas, R. J. Wilson, J. L. Leon-Cortes, D. Gutierrez, and C. R. Bulman. 2001. Density-distribution relationships in British butterflies. II. An assessment of mechanisms. Journal of Animal Ecology 70(3):426-441.*

Coy, R. 1995. Conservation status of terrestrial invertebrates in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 112(1):6-14.*

Cullinan, T. 1997. Habitat conservation plans in industrial forests of the Pacific Northwest: mitigation and public participation. Endangered Species Update 14(7-8):29-31.*

Cundiff, B. 1995. Butterfly blues (disappearance of Karner blue butterflies from Ontario). Nature Canada 24(4):37-42.*

Curtis, J. T. 1971. The vegetation of Wisconsin: an ordination of plant communities. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Cushman, J. H., and D. D. Murphy. 1993. Conservation of North American lycaenids-an overview. Pages 37-44 in T. R. New, editor. Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies). Occassional Papers IUCN Species Survival Committee.*

Czech, B., and P. R. Krausman. 1997. Implications of an ecosystem management literature review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(3):667-675.*

D

Dale, V. H., A. E. Lugo, J. A. Macmahon, and S. T. A. Pickett. 1998. Ecosystem management in the context of large, infrequent disturbances. Ecosystems 1(6):546-557.*

Dallmeier, F., and J. A. Comiskey, editors. 1998. Forest biodiversity assessment, monitoring, and evaluation for adaptive management. Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, United Kingdom.

Davis, M. A., D. W. Peterson, P. B. Reich, M. Crozier, T. Query, E. Mitchell, J. Huntington, and P. Bazakas. 2000. Restoring savanna using fire: impact on the breeding bird community. Restoration Ecology 8(1):30-40.*

DePaul, L., and D. Kopitzke. 1998. Incentives for savanna protection on private lands: past, present, and future. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 86:47-56.*

Desiderio, M. 1993. The ESA: facing hard truths and advocation responsible reform. Natural Resources and Environment:3-4, 42, 79-81.*

DeVries, P. J. 1990. Enhancement of symbioses between butterfly caterpillars and ants by vibrational communication. Science 248:1104-1106.*

Dietrich, C. H., M. G. Harper, R. L. Larimore, and P. A. Tessene. No date. Insects and fire: too much of a good thing? Unknown magazine:4.*

Dirig, R. 1976. Karner's famous blue butterfly. Pages 197-210, 250-252 in D. Rittner, editor. Pine Bush-Albany's last frontier. Pine Bush Historic Preservation Project, Albany, New York, USA.*

Dirig, R. 1988. Nabokov's blue snowflakes. Natural History 97(5):68-69.*

Dirig, R. 1997. Karner blue sing your purple song. American Butterflies:14-20.*

Dirig, R., and J. R. Cryan. 1976. The Karner blue project: January 1973 to December 1976. Atala 4(1-2):22-26.*

Dlutkowski, L. A., P. A. Cochran, and M. J. Mossman. 1987. Bibliography of Wisconsin herpetology. Bureau of Endangered Resources, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Dobson, A. P. 1995. Conservation and biodiversity. Scientific American Library, New York, New York, USA.

Dohner, C. K., and E. L. Smith. 1997. Habitat conservation plans and the incidental take permit planning process: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife perspective. Endangered Species Update 14(7-8):10-11.*

Dolinger, P. M., P. R. Ehrlich, W. L. Fitch, and D. E. Breedlove. 1973. Alkaloid and predation patterns in Colorado lupine populations. Oecologia 13:191-204.*

Dumroese, R. K., S. Pequignot, and D. Horvath. 2000. Mason State Nursery: a model for prairie plant production. Native Plants Journal 1(1):10-12, 14-17.*

Dwyer, L. E., D. D. Murphy, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1995. Property rights case law and the challenge to the Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology 9(4):725-741.*

E

Ebner, J. A. 1970. The butterflies of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum, Miwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.

Eckstein, R., and B. Moss. 1995. Oak and pine barrens communities. Pages 98-114. Wisconsin's biodiversity as a management issue: a report to Department of Natural Resources managers. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Edenham, P. 1993. Metapopulation dynamics - facts, artifacts and theory. Uppsala, Sweden.

Edinger, B. B., and C. B. Fribley. 7-11 August 1994. Relative importance of and mutualists for tended larvae of the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov, in northwest Indiana. 45th Meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Eedy, W. 1995. The use of GIS in environmental assessment. Impact Assessment 13:199-206.*

Eliot, J. N. 1973. The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 28:373-470.*

Engel, M. 2001. Landowners help Karner blues (Karner blue butterfly in Wisconsin). Endangered Species Bulletin 26(1):10-12.*

Everett, R. L., and J. F. Lehmkuhl. 1996. An emphasis-use approach to conserving biodiversity. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(2):192-199.*

Ewing, K. 2002. Mounding as a technique for restoration of prairie on a capped landfill in the Puget Sound lowlands. Restoration Ecology 10(2):289-296.*

F

Faber-Langendoen, D. 1991. Community structure at Allison savanna: the impact of settlement and fire management. Final report to the Minnesota Chapter of the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Fair, T. 1993. Utility helps protect a rare and endangered butterfly. Electric Light and Power 71(1):20.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission: Office of Hydropower Licensing. 1998. A management plan for Karner blue butterfly and its habitat on Consumers Energy Muskegon River Hydroelectric Project lands, Jackson, Michigan. Washington, D. C.*

Fennimore, J. 1848. The oak openings. Unknown Source.*

Ferge, L. A. 1990. Checklist of Wisconsin butterflies. Wisconsin Entomological Society Miscellaneous Publication 1:1-4.*

Fiedler, K., and C. Saam. 1995. A "microbial cost" of butterfly-ant mutualisms (Lycaenidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 49(1):80-84.*

Fleishman, E., D. D. Murphy, and G. T. Austin. 1999. Butterflies of the Toquima Range, Nevada: distribution, natural history, and comparison to the Toiyabe Range. Great Basin Naturalist 59(1):50-62.*

Foley, P. 2000. Problems in extinction model selection and parameter estimation. Environmental Management 26(suppl.1):S55-S73.*

Fordyce, J. A., C. C. Nice, M. L. Forister, and A. M. Shapiro. 2002. The significance of wing pattern diversity in the Lycaenidae: mate discrimination by two recently diverged species. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15:1-9.*

Forman, R. T. 1998. Pine barrens: ecosystem and landscape. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

Fosbroke, S. L. C., and K. W. Gottschalk, editors. 1994. Proceedings of the U. S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum. General Technical Report NE-188. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA.*

Fox, J. F. 1989. Bias in estimating forest disturbance rates and tree lifetimes. Ecology 70(5):1267-1272.*

Freeman, D. L. 1993. Reinitiation of ESA section 7 consultations over existing projects. Natural Resources and Environment:17-20, 63-65.*

Fuguitt, G. V. 1991. Commuting and the rural-urban hierarchy. Journal of Rural Studies 7(4):459-466.*

Fuller, S. G., Hudson, F. K., Smallidge, P. J., Leopold, D. J., and N. A. Gifford. 9-12 June 2000. Effects of management, fire, and disturbance on the host plant of the Karner blue butterfly. 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology, Missoula, Montana, USA.*

G

Galatowitsch, S. M., and A. G. Van-Der-Valk. 1994. Restoring prairie wetlands: an ecological approach. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Galindo Leal, C., and F. L. Bunnell. 1995. Ecosystem management: implications and opportunities of a new paradigm. The Forestry Chronicle 71(5):600-606.*

Gaskin, D. E. 1995. Butterfly conservation programs must be based on appropriate ecological information. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 126:15-27.*

Gebkin, D., M. D. Staggs, and W. McCown. 1995. Aquatic communities. Pages 150-219. Wisconsin's Biodiversity as a Management Issue: A Report to Department of Natural Resources Managers. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Geisler, C. C., and B. L. Bedford. 1996. Who owns the ecosystem? Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Gibbs, J. P., H. L. Snell, and C. E. Causton. 1999. Effective monitoring for adaptive wildlife management: lessons from the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(4):1055-1065.*

Gill, G. R. 2003. Larval survival of the Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, in Michigan. MS Thesis. Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant. 39pp.

Gilpin, M., and I. Hanski, editors. 1991. Metapopulation dynamics: empirical and theoretical investigations. Academic Press, London, England.

Givnish, T. J. No date. Conceptual model for metapopulation dynamics of the Karner blue butterfly in the Albany Pine Bush, New York. University of Wisconsin, Department of Botany, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.*

Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of the vascular plants of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Second Edition. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA.

Golley, F. B. 1993. A history of the ecosystem concept in ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Graham, J. 2000. May 28, 2000. N. Y. imports eyed to save Karner blue. Sunday Monitor:A1, A10.*

Graham, L. L. 1992. Little blue flit. Wisconsin Natural Resources 16(5):2, 30-31.*

Gray, A. N. 2000. Adaptive ecosystem management in the Pacific Northwest: a case study from coastal Oregon. Conservation Ecology:1-27.*

Greenberg, C. H., and W. Simons Robert. 1999. Age, composition, and stand structure of old-growth oak sites in the Florida high pine landscape: implications for ecosystem management and restoration. 19(1):30-40.*

Greene, L. A. 2000. May. Accounting for lost acreage. Environmental Health Perspectives:A209.*

Grigore, M. 1992. The short-term effect of fire on wild lupine (Lupinus perennis L.), University of Toledo, Ohio, USA.*

Grumbine, R. E. 1994. What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology 8(1):27-38.*

Grumbine, R. E. 1997. Reflections on "What is Ecosystem Management?" Conservation Biology 11(1):41-47.*

Grundel, R. 1994. The effects of lupine quality and habitat fragment quality on larval feeding intensity in the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Report to the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 3), Fort Snelling, Minnesota, USA.*

Grundel, R., N. B. Pavlovic, and C. L. Sulzman. 1998. The effect of canopy cover and seasonal change on host plant quality for the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis). Oecologia 114:243-250.*

Grundel, R., N. B. Pavlovic, and C. L. Sulzman. 1998. Habitat use by the endangered Karner blue butterfly in oak woodlands: the influence of canopy cover. Biological Conservation 85(1-2):47-53.*

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